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This guidance describes a method of recording historic buildings
for the purpose of historical understanding using analytical site
drawing and measuring by hand. The techniques described here have a
long tradition of being used to aid understanding by observation
and close contact with building fabric. They can be used by all
involved in making records of buildings of all types and ages, but
are particularly useful for vernacular buildings and architectural
details which are crucial to the history of a building or site. .
Record drawings are best used alongside other recording techniques
such as written reports and photography or to supplement digital
survey data. They can also be used as a basis for illustrations
that disseminate understanding to wider audiences.
This guidance document covers the use of geoarchaeology to assist
in understanding the archaeological record. Geoarchaeological
techniques may range in scale from landscape studies to microscopic
analysis, and are carried out by practitioners with specialist
knowledge about the physical environment in which archaeological
stratigraphy is preserved, and excavations take place. The main aim
is usually to understand site formation processes, but there may
also be issues concerning site preservation, refining field
interpretations of archaeological contexts and identifying changes
in the physical landscape through time.
This guidance document provides an introduction to the ways that
the archaeological evidence for metalworking is studied.
Archaeometallurgical evidence can include whole landscapes,
buildings, features, artefacts and waste materials (eg slag and
crucibles). Archaeometallurgy includes fieldwork investigations
(survey and excavation) and the subsequent study of these data as
well as any artefacts and residues recovered. Scientific approaches
provide insights into the techniques used to produce different
metals and how these were fabricated into artefacts.
This document provides practical guidance on how to investigate
sites where pottery production has taken place. It describes how to
anticipate and locate pottery production sites and the types of
evidence that may be found. This document also provides advice on
the available methods and strategies for examining, recording and
sampling features and finds of various types at each stage of the
work. The different techniques for establishing the date of pottery
production, and for characterising the products of a site, are
given particular emphasis. This document was compiled by Harriet
White, Sarah Paynter and Duncan Brown with contributions by Joanne
Best, Chris Cumberpatch, David Dawson, Peter Ellis, Jane Evans,
Laurence Jones, Oliver Kent, Gareth Perry, The Prince's
Regeneration Trust, Ian Roberts, Kerry Tyler and Ann Woodward.
This illustrated history portrays one of England's finest major
cities and some of its county towns and villages. It provides a
nostalgic look at Leicester's past and highlights the special
character of some of its most important historic sites. The
photographs are taken from the Historic England Archive, a unique
collection of over 12 million photographs, drawings, plans and
documents covering England's archaeology, architecture, social and
local history. Pictures date from the earliest days of photography
to the present and cover subjects from Bronze Age burials and
medieval churches to cinemas and seaside resorts. Historic England:
Leicester shows the city as it once was, from its churches, parks,
streets and alleyways to its Victorian mills and textile factories.
Leicester has been at the very heart of the country's political and
economic development for over two millennia. Evidence of Roman
occupation remains at the Jewry Wall, Cardinal Wolsey lies buried
in Leicester Abbey and, in 2012, the skeleton of Richard III was
discovered lying beneath a car park. The city grew rapidly in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with the construction of the
Grand Union Canal and the arrival of the railway. These
developments encouraged and accompanied a process of
industrialisation which intensified throughout the Victorian era;
hosiery, textiles, and footwear became the major industrial
employers. Today, Leicester is a major distribution centre and has
attracted new service and manufacturing businesses through its
academic-industrial connections with the engineering departments at
Leicester University, De Montfort University and nearby
Loughborough University. Leicester remains one of the country's
most important cities and this book will help you discover its
colourful and fascinating history.
This photographic guide will assist scientists working with
archaeological plant or insect remains in the identification of
calcium-phosphate replaced biological remains. Diagnostic criteria
and images are presented for the most commonly occurring taxa found
as mineralised remains in cesspits, drains and middens, dating from
the prehistoric to post-medieval periods . Phosphatic
mineralisation primarily preserves soft tissues and often results
in the loss of diagnostic features typically seen in other types of
preservation, particularly of the thickened, protective outer
layers (pericarps and seed coats) of fruits and seeds. For insect
remains this type of preservation primarily favours fly (Diptera)
pupae and puparia. High quality photographic images are presented,
for the most part using mineralised archaeological material. High
magnification images of specific structures and cell layers
(magnifications of up to x160) are included where appropriate.
Variations of potential preservation are illustrated where
possible. Identification criteria for each taxon is highlighted,
along with examples of archaeological sites which yielded
mineralised material, information on modern ecology and
interpretative value of each taxon.
Roofing looks at traditional roof coverings used on historic
buildings. Many materials and systems have been used to provide
roof coverings, and the book provides information about their
technological evolution, the processes causing deterioration, and
ways of assessing problems and solutions. Repairs, maintenance and
conflicts with modern practices are also covered.
The diversity of England's Protected Wreck Sites reflects the
wealth of maritime heritage preserved under the sea and around our
coast. These sites provide a valuable source of evidence for a wide
range of past activities, and not just of those on or in the sea.
These guidelines are intended to support individuals or groups
wishing to access and/or develop projects on wreck sites designated
under Section 1 of the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 in the English
Territorial Sea. The role of a voluntary Licensee and his or her
team is essential to the system that helps manage the most
significant historic wrecks in our territorial sea. As Licensees
are effectively voluntary custodians for these important sites;
this has been recognised by Historic England awarding Affiliated
Volunteer Status to Licensees and their teams. This guidance has
been updated to reflect changes to the way the protected wreck
licensing system is administered, recognise the Marine and Coastal
Access Act 2009 and publication of the UK Marine Policy Statement
in 2011. The guidance forms the approach recommended for work on
all historic wreck sites in England, not just those designated
under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973.
This illustrated history portrays one of England's finest major
cities. It provides a nostalgic look at Birmingham's past and
highlights the special character of some of its most important
historic sites. The photographs are taken from the Historic England
Archive, a unique collection of over 12 million photographs,
drawings, plans and documents covering England's archaeology,
architecture, social and local history. Pictures date from the
earliest days of photography to the present and cover subjects from
Bronze Age burials and medieval churches to cinemas and seaside
resorts. Birmingham has long been an important centre in the West
Midlands but during the Industrial Revolution it grew to become
England's second city. The myriad of manufacturing businesses in
Birmingham created a dynamic local economy and the city prospered.
Although the town was heavily bombed in the Second World War and
its infrastructure was badly damaged, the city was redeveloped
post-war, with many areas being rebuilt from scratch. Birmingham
continued to be regenerated in subsequent decades and today it is a
powerful commercial city of international importance.
This Project Planning Note is intended to cover the taking of
oblique aerial photographs of the historic environment. It includes
advice on planning and carrying out aerial reconnaissance projects
and lists relevant sources of further information. This Project
Planning Note is intended to be read in conjunction with the MoRPHE
Project Managers Guide which gives generic guidance on project
management.
Mortars, Renders and Plasters provides a broad perspective of
contemporary conservation theory and practice not otherwise found
in one publication, describing the history, physical properties,
and deterioration of these important materials. Methods of
assessing condition and evaluating options for treatment and repair
are discussed, together with a range of practical conservation
techniques and maintenance strategies.
Building Environment looks at the interaction between building
materials and systems and their surroundings, and how this may lead
to deterioration. It presents ways of assessing remedial
treatments, and includes discussions on occupant health, and
sustainable retrofitting.
Stone considers the wide variety of historical uses, from simple
masonry walling through to elaborate carving and decoration. The
book considers why stone decays or fails and how to assess and
understand the causes, before concentrating on the practical
methods of treatment, repair and maintenance.
Glass and Glazing looks at the conservation of one of the most
important building materials, and its use in windows, roofing and
walling. It considers the technological evolution of glass and
glazing systems, the processes causing deterioration, and the
practical application and long-term implications of common
conservation materials and methods, as well as of alterations to
improve performance.
This illustrated history portrays one of London's most fascinating
areas. It provides a nostalgic look at the East End's past and
highlights the special character of some of its most important
historic sites. The photographs are taken from the Historic England
Archive, a unique collection of over 12 million photographs,
drawings, plans and documents covering England's archaeology,
architecture, social and local history. Pictures date from the
earliest days of photography to the present and cover subjects from
Bronze Age burials and medieval churches to cinemas and seaside
resorts. This book shows London's East End as it once was, from its
labyrinthine streets and alleys to its factories and warehouses.
The East End was one of the poorest parts of the UK, blighted by
crime and appalling living conditions. As the boundaries of London
spread towards Essex, however, the picture has become very
different. As transport links were improved, areas such as Bethnal
Green, West Ham and Forest Gate, once small rural villages, have
been swallowed up by the capital's growth. Today, the East End is a
very different place, one of regeneration and vibrancy and great
cultural diversity. This books will help you discover its
remarkable history.
This illustrated history portrays one of England's finest counties.
It provides a nostalgic look at Somerset's past and highlights the
special character of some of its most important historic sites. The
photographs are taken from the Historic England Archive, a unique
collection of over 12 million photographs, drawings, plans and
documents covering England's archaeology, architecture, social and
local history. Pictures date from the earliest days of photography
to the present and cover subjects from Bronze Age burials and
medieval churches to cinemas and seaside resorts. Somerset has a
huge variety of landscapes, the flat marshlands of the Somerset
Levels contrasting with the Mendip, Quantock and Blackdown Hills
and the moorlands of Exmoor, as well as a coastline along the
Bristol Channel. Somerset was an important part of the Saxon
kingdom of Wessex and the region became prosperous in the Middle
Ages through the wool trade. Although coal mining was developed in
the north of the county and Yeovil became a centre of the aircraft
and defence industries, much of Somerset is still largely rural,
with the county town of Taunton in the heart of the county.
Somerset draws many visitors to its historic attractions, not least
the city of Bath with its Roman remains and Georgian architecture,
the cathedral city of Wells and the town of Glastonbury with its
striking Tor and abbey ruins. This book will help the reader to
discover its remarkable history.
Conservation Basics examines the evolving theories and principles
that underpin building conservation in England in the 21st century,
and looks at their application in practice. The process of
conservation planning for the maintenance and repair of historic
buildings and places is described in detail, and is illustrated
through case studies. Topics include understanding and assessment,
surveys and recording, ecological considerations, planning and
managing maintenance and repair programmes, risk management,
specifying works, and contract procurement.
This illustrated history portrays one of England's most
historically significant cities. It provides a nostalgic look at
Bradford's past and highlights the special character of some of its
most important historic sites. The photographs are taken from the
Historic England Archive, a unique collection of over 12 million
photographs, drawings, plans and documents covering England's
archaeology, architecture, social and local history. Pictures date
from the earliest days of photography to the present and cover
subjects from Bronze Age burials and medieval churches to cinemas
and seaside resorts. These unique images are complemented by
selections from the author's archive. Historic England: Bradford
shows the city as it once was, from its streets and alleyways to
the magnificent City Hall, and from the impressive neoclassical
buildings of Little Germany to the perfectly preserved Victorian
planned village of Saltaire. Bradford was an international centre
of textile manufacture, particularly worsted. Today, it has been
transformed into a centre of education and innovation, as well as a
burgeoning tourist destination, becoming the first UNESCO City of
Film with attractions such as the National Media Museum, Bradford
City Park, the Alhambra Theatre and Cartwright Hall. This book
helps you discover the remarkable history of this West Yorkshire
city.
Metals deals with the conservation of a group of materials that
have been used in buildings for everything from structural
components and fixings to weatherproofing, repairs, and decoration.
It covers both the iron-based and the non-ferrous metals (such as
copper, bronze and lead), in each case considering technological
evolution, deterioration processes, and the practical application
and long-term implications of the common conservation materials and
methods.
This advice is aimed at members of the general public and those
wishing to undertake a project directed at an archaeological or
historic site in England in the marine and coastal area. This
advice will help readers gain a better understanding of where to
find relevant information on marine licensing, the types of
activities that require a marine licence and those activities that
are exempt. It also sets out further information on what is
required to support a marine licence application with regard to a
project design. This document updates the EH advice note Marine
Licensing and Underwater and Forshore Archaeology (2012). This
revised advice includes more detail on where to find important and
relevant information on marine licensing and what detail to include
to support a marine licence application.
These guidelines focus on physical access issues because these
often pose the greatest challenges as well as opportunities for
historic buildings. Other issues such as lighting, tone, colour
contrast and signing are touched upon, while acknowledging the
excellent guidance on these aspects of good access design which
exists elsewhere. The guidance also focuses on the challenges and
constraints posed by buildings whose function is not directly
related to their historic status - shops, offices and civic
buildings - rather than those preserved and opened to the public
purely as historic attractions. Although the guidelines are
relevant to both categories of building the latter raise
significant issues in relation to interpretation (sometimes
referred to as intellectual access), which are largely beyond the
scope of this document. This document replaces our 2004 edition.
We know that the risk of flooding is likely to increase as a result
of a changing climate and the effects of increased urban
development. Estimates suggest the number of people at high risk
from flooding could rise from 1.5 million to 3.5 million by 2080.
Currently around 400,000 homes and 75,000 businesses in England are
located in areas where there is a significant annual chance of
river or coastal flooding (greater than a 1.3 per cent annual
chance, or once every 75 years on average). More homes are at risk
from surface water, groundwater or sewer flooding, which is much
harder to predict than river or coastal flooding. Many of these
buildings were built before 1919 and are therefore likely to be of
historic interest. As well as damage to property and
infrastructure, flooding results in a significant human cost. Not
only do householders lose possessions and suffer damage to their
properties when there is a flood, but often they are also forced to
endure the disruption and stress caused by several months of
evacuation. Since the 2007 floods there have been major
consultations and reviews undertaken by government and other
regulatory organisations and a much greater recognition of the need
for coordinated flood-risk management at a local level. This was a
particular emphasis of the Pitt Review, Learning the Lessons from
the 2007 Floods (2008) and the Department of Environment, Food and
Rural Affairs’ (Defra) ongoing programme Making Space for Water,
which takes a holistic approach to the management of risk from all
forms of flooding (river, coastal, groundwater, surface run-off and
sewer) to help deliver sustainable development. This need for a
more comprehensive management of flood risk for people, houses and
businesses has been incorporated into the Flood and Water
Management Act 2010. Integrated flood-risk management is essential
if the historic environment is to be protected from flood damage,
and effective communication between all those involved is therefore
vital in securing the appropriate response. Co-operation with
national agencies such as the Environment Agency is key to managing
risks at a local level. Local Flood Resilience Forums also now have
a very important role in helping manage the risks as well as
providing integrated emergency management.
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